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The Renin-Angiotensin-System

The Renin-Angiotensin-System (RAS) is critically involved in the regulation of blood pressure and fluid balance and is responsible for the control of a variety of complex physiological functions.

The peptide hormone system is constituted by multiple enzymes, giving rise to a meshwork of effector peptides. These peptides mediate their functions through binding to specific receptors which leads to an integrated physiologic response.

The RAS can be formally divided into two branches: On the one hand there is the classical RAS, whose main effector peptide is the cardiovascular “bad guy” Angiotensin II (Ang 1-8); on the other hand there is the alternative RAS with its main effector Ang 1-7, which is known to bind the receptor MAS, transducing signals that counteract effects mediated by Ang II and thereby being beneficial in RAS-associated diseases. The balance between the two branches depends on many enzymes and serves as a common therapeutic target in cardiovascular diseases. Little is known about the functions of other metabolites of the RAS, although there is growing evidence for the importance of other angiotensin metabolites, enzymes and receptors of the RAS.

Learn more about Attoquant’s unique angiotensin quantification service, the RAS-FingerprintTM

Publications

2024

Lehman et al. Effect of furosemide on comprehensive renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity of Thoroughbred horses. J Vet Intern Med. 2024 Oct 22. PUBMED ID: 39434560

Wopperer et al. Progressive Kidney Failure by Angiotensinogen Inactivation in the Germline. Hypertension. 2024 Sep;81(9):1857-1868. PUBMED ID: 39005223

Krenn et al. Intra- and postoperative relative angiotensin II deficiency in patients undergoing elective major abdominal surgery. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2024 Jul 8:15:1375409. PUBMED ID: 39040679

Rodrigues et al. Angiotensin-(1-12): Does It Exist? A Critical Evaluation in Humans, Rats, and Mice. Hypertension. 2024 May 8. PUBMED ID: 38716648

Cruz-López et al. Combining renin-angiotensin system blockade and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibition in experimental diabetes results in synergistic beneficial effects. J Hypertens. 2024 May 1;42(5):883-892. PUBMED ID: 38088400

Simko et al. Effect of sacubitril/valsartan on the hypertensive heart in continuous light-induced and lactacystin-induced pre-hypertension: Interactions with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Biomed Pharmacother. 2024 Apr:173:116391. PUBMED ID: 38461685

Masters et al. Comprehensive characterization of the effect of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism with spironolactone on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in healthy dogs. PLoS One. 2024 Feb 23;19(2):e0298030. PUBMED ID: 38394253

Marrero et al. Effect of amlodipine on the circulating renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in healthy cats. J Vet Intern Med. 2024 Feb 9. doi: 10.1111/jvim.17006. PUBMED ID: 38334012

Baumgartner et al. Profiling endogenous adrenal function during veno-venous ECMO support in COVID-19 ARDS: a descriptive analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2024 Jan 25:14:1321511. PUBMED ID: 38333725

2023

Adin et al. Evaluation of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Components and Enzymes in Systemically Hypertensive Cats Receiving Amlodipine. Animals (Basel). 2023 Nov 10;13(22):3479. PUBMED ID: 38003097

Shoemaker et al. Association of Elevated Serum Aldosterone Concentrations in Pregnancy with Hypertension. Biomedicines. 2023 Nov 1;11(11):2954. PUBMED ID: 38001956

Rathkolb et al. Renin-angiotensin system inhibitor discontinuation in COVID-19 did not modify systemic ACE2 in a randomized controlled trial. iScience. 2023 Oct 5;26(11):108146. PUBMED ID: 37867935

Dengler et al. Dysregulation of intestinal epithelial electrolyte transport in canine chronic inflammatory enteropathy and the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system. Front Vet Sci. 2023 Aug 31:10:1217839. PUBMED ID: 37720474

Shoemaker et al. Activation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Is Attenuated in Hypertensive Compared with Normotensive Pregnancy. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Aug 12;24(16):12728. PUBMED ID: 37628909

Dube et al. Novel Model of Oxalate Diet-Induced Chronic Kidney Disease in Dahl-Salt-Sensitive Rats. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Jun 13;24(12):10062. PUBMED ID: 37373209

Arisido et al. Cluster analysis of angiotensin biomarkers to identify antihypertensive drug treatment in population studies. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2023 May 27;23(1):131. PUBMED ID: 37245005

Mao et al. Combined angiotensin-converting enzyme and aminopeptidase inhibition for treatment of experimental ventilator-induced lung injury in mice. Front Physiol. 2023 Mar 30;14:1109452. PUBMED ID: 37064885

Hammond et al. The classical and alternative circulating renin-angiotensin system in normal dogs and dogs with stage B1 and B2 myxomatous mitral valve disease. J Vet Intern Med. 2023 Mar 23. PUBMED ID: 36951394

Ortiz et al. Neprilysin-dependent neuropeptide Y cleavage in the liver promotes fibrosis by blocking NPY-receptor 1. Cell Rep. 2023 Feb 28;42(2):112059.  PUBMED ID: 36729833

Sotillo et al. Dose-response of benazepril on biomarkers of the classical and alternative pathways of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in dogs. Sci Rep. 2023 Feb 15;13(1):2684. PUBMED ID: 36792677

Bosch et al. Angiotensin pathways under therapy with empagliflozin in patients with chronic heart failure. ESC Heart Fail. 2023 Feb 13. PUBMED ID: 36782339

Hartl et al. The systemic and hepatic alternative renin-angiotensin system is activated in liver cirrhosis, linked to endothelial dysfunction and inflammation. Sci Rep. 2023 Jan 18;13(1):953. PUBMED ID: 36653504

2022

Reindl-Schwaighofer et al. The systemic renin-angiotensin system in COVID-19. Sci Rep. 2022 Nov 22;12(1):20117. PUBMED: 36418458

Briand et at. Diet-Induced Obesity and NASH Impair Disease Recovery in SARS-CoV-2-Infected Golden Hamsters. Viruses. 2022 Sep 17;14(9):2067. PUBMED: 36146875

Cruz-López et al. Blood pressure-independent renoprotective effects of small interference RNA targeting liver angiotensinogen in experimental diabetes. Br J Pharmacol. 2022 Sep 15. PUBMED: 36106615

Simko et at. Sacubitril/Valsartan and Ivabradine Attenuate Left Ventricular Remodelling and Dysfunction in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats: Different Interactions with the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System. Biomedicines. 2022 Jul 31;10(8):1844. PUBMED: 36009391

Dörr et al. The Effect of FGF23 on Cardiac Hypertrophy Is Not Mediated by Systemic Renin-Angiotensin- Aldosterone System in Hemodialysis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022 Apr 26;9:878730. PUBMED: 35559350 

Krenn et al. The Renin-Angiotensin System as a Component of Biotrauma in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Front. Physiol., 13 April 2022. PUBMED: 35498160

Lourenco et at. Characterization of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system in cats with naturally occurring chronic kidney disease. J Vet Intern Med. 2022 Mar;36(2):647-655. PUBMED: 35352404

Ward et al. Circulating renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity in cats with systemic hypertension or cardiomyopathy. J Vet Intern Med. 2022 Mar 14. PUBMED: 35285549

Mao et al. Tidal Volume-Dependent Activation of the Renin-Angiotensin System in Experimental Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury. Crit Care Med. 2022 Feb 22. PUBMED: 35191411

Wang et al. Dysregulation of ACE (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme)-2 and Renin-Angiotensin Peptides in SARS-CoV-2 Mediated Mortality and End-Organ Injuries. Hypertension . 2022 Feb;79(2):365-378. PUBMED ID: 34844421

Antlanger et al. Combined SGLT-2 and ACE inhibition upregulates the renin-angiotensin system in chronic kidney disease with type 2 diabetes: Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled exploratory trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022 Jan 4. PUBMED ID: 34984822

2021

Evans et al. Suspected primary hyperreninism in a cat with malignant renal sarcoma and global renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system upregulation. J Vet Intern Med. 2021 Dec 3. PUBMED ID: 34859924

Krenn et al. Equilibrium Angiotensin Metabolite Profiling in Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Indicates Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020 Nov 15;202(10):1468-1471. PUBMED ID: 32628511

Kovarik et al. Effect of Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonism and ACE Inhibition on Angiotensin Profiles in Diabetic Kidney Disease: An Exploratory Study. Diabetes Ther. 2021 Sep;12(9):2485-2498. PUBMED ID: 34351585

Alves-Lopes et al. Selective Inhibition of the C-Domain of ACE (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme) Combined With Inhibition of NEP (Neprilysin): A Potential New Therapy for Hypertension. Hypertension. 2021 Sep;78(3):604-616. PUBMED ID: 34304582

van Rooyen et al. Aldosterone and angiotensin II profiles in young black and white women using different hormonal contraceptives: the African-PREDICT study. J Hum Hypertens. 2021 Jun 25. PUBMED ID: 34172825

Binder et al. Renin Feedback Is an Independent Predictor of Outcome in HFpEF. J Pers Med. 2021 May 3;11(5):370. PUBMED ID: 34063595

Nonn et at. Maternal Angiotensin Increases Placental Leptin in Early Gestation via an Alternative Renin-Angiotensin System Pathway: Suggesting a Link to Preeclampsia. Hypertension. 2021 May 5;77(5):1723-1736. PUBMED ID: 33775117

Kukida et al. Effects of Endogenous Angiotensin II on Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms and Atherosclerosis in Angiotensin II-Infused Mice. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021 May 4;10(9):e020467. PUBMED ID: 33890483

Pavo et al. Myocardial Angiotensin Metabolism in End-Stage Heart Failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021 Apr 13;77(14):1731-1743. PUBMED ID: 33832600

Bovée et al. Renoprotective Effects of Small Interfering RNA Targeting Liver Angiotensinogen in Experimental Chronic Kidney Disease. Hypertension. 2021 May 5;77(5):1600-1612. PUBMED ID: 33719507

Vischer et al. Influence of Antihypertensive Treatment on RAAS Peptides in Newly Diagnosed Hypertensive Patients. Cells. 2021 Mar 3;10(3):534. PUBMED ID: 33802464

Carrocia et al. Aldosterone and cortisol synthesis regulation by angiotensin-(1-7) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in the human adrenal cortex. J Hypertens. 2021 Mar 1. PUBMED ID: 33657582

Reindl-Schwaighofer et al. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) Elevation in Severe COVID-19. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2021 Feb 18. PUBMED ID: 33600742

van Lier et al. Increased blood angiotensin converting enzyme 2 activity in critically ill COVID-19 patients. ERJ Open Res. 2021 Mar 15;7(1):00848-2020. PUBMED ID: 33738305

Batchu et al. Lung and Kidney ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in Renin-Angiotensin System Blocker-Treated Comorbid Diabetic Mice Mimicking Host Factors That Have Been Linked to Severe COVID-19. Diabetes. 2021 Mar;70(3):759-771 PUBMED ID: 33310740

Kutz et al. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System peptide profiles in patients with COVID-19. Eur J Endocrinol. 2021 Feb 1;EJE-20-1445.R1 PUBMED ID: 33539316

Uijl et al. No evidence for brain renin-angiotensin system activation during DOCA-salt hypertension. Clin Sci (Lond). 2021 Jan 6;CS20201239. PUBMED ID: 33404046

2020

Huh et al. Effect of angiotensin receptor blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 on plasma equilibrium angiotensin peptide concentrations in cats with heart disease. J Vet Intern Med. 2020 Nov 2. PUBMED ID: 33135833

Gafane-Matemane et al. Associations of central and peripheral blood pressure with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in healthy young adults: the African-PREDICT study. Hypertens Res. 2020 Oct 30. PUBMED ID: 33122821

Zoufaly et al. Human recombinant soluble ACE2 in severe COVID-19. Lancet Respir Med. September 24, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/
S2213-2600(20)30418-5.

Kintscher et al. Plasma Angiotensin Peptide Profiling and ACE (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme)-2 Activity in COVID-19 Patients Treated With Pharmacological Blockers of the Renin-Angiotensin System. Hypertension. 2020 Nov;76(5):e34-e36. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15841. PUMBED ID: 32851897

De Souza et al. Persistent Renin-Angiotensin System Sensitization Months After Body Weight Recovery From Severe Food Restriction in Female Fischer Rats. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020 Jul 21;9(14):e017246. PUBMED ID: 32674648

Messmann et al. Alterations of the renin angiotensin system in human end-stage heart failure before and after mechanical cardiac unloading by LVAD support. Mol Cell Biochem. 2020 Jun 20. doi: 10.1007/s11010-020-03787-7 PUBMED ID: 32564294

Krenn et al. Equilibrium Angiotensin Metabolite Profiling in Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Indicates Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibition. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020 Jul 6. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201912-2504LE PUBMED ID: 32628511

Wang et al. Elevated Angiotensin 1-7/Angiotensin II Ratio Predicts Favorable Outcomes in Patients With Heart Failure. Circ Heart Fail. 2020 Jul;13(7):e006939. doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.120.006939. Epub 2020 Jun 25. PUBMED ID: 32580658

Shalinee et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase 3 modulates the renin-angiotensin system in mice. J Biol Chem. 2020 Jun 16;jbc.RA120.014183. doi: 10.1074/jbc.RA120.014183. PUBMED ID: 32546481

Guo et al. Effects of Ramipril on the Aldosterone/Renin Ratio and the Aldosterone/Angiotensin II Ratio in Patients With Primary Aldosteronism. Hypertension. 2020 Jun 8;HYPERTENSIONAHA12014871. PUBMED ID: 32507039

Kaltenecker et al. Critical Role of Neprilysin in Kidney Angiotensin Metabolism. Circ Res. 2020 May 18. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.119.316151. PUBMED ID: 32418507

Urwyler et al. IL (Interleukin)-1 Receptor Antagonist Increases Ang (Angiotensin [1-7]) and Decreases Blood Pressure in Obese Individuals. Hypertension. 2020 Jun;75(6):1455-1463. PUBMED ID: 32275191

Guo et al. Measurement of Equilibrium Angiotensin II in the Diagnosis of Primary Aldosteronism. Clin Chem. 2020 Mar 1;66(3):483-492. PUBMED ID: 32068832 

Adin et al. Renin-angiotensin aldosterone profile before and after angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitor administration in dogs with angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism. J Vet Intern Med. 2020 Feb 29. PUBMED ID: 32112596 

2019

Manis et al. Relationship Between Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System and Renal Kir5.1 Channels. Clin Sci (Lond). 2019;CS20190876. 2019 Dec 4 PUBMED ID: 31799617

Potter et al. Comparison between the effects of torsemide and furosemide on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system of normal dogs. J Vet Cardiol. 2019 Dec;26:51-62. doi: 10.1016/j.jvc.2019.11.003. Epub 2019 Nov 14. PUBMED ID: 31809955 

Burrello et al. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Triple-A Analysis for the Screening of Primary Aldosteronism. Hypertension HYPERTENSIONAHA11913772 2019 Nov 25 PUBMED ID: 31760886

van Rooyen et al. A Primary Aldosteronism-Like Phenotype Identified With the Aldosterone-To-Angiotensin II Ratio in Black Men. The SABPA StudyCardiovasc J Afr, 30, 1-6 2019 Nov 27. PUBMED ID: 31781716

Göppner et al. Pathogenesis of hypertension in a mouse model for human CLCN2 related hyperaldosteronism. Nat Commun. 2019 Oct 15;10(1):4678. PUBMED ID: 31615979 

El Zein et al. Retinoic acid receptor α as a novel contributor to adrenal cortex structure and function through interactions with Wnt and Vegfa signalling. Sci Rep. 2019 Oct 11;9(1):14677. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-50988-2. PUBMED ID: 31605007

Arendse et al. Novel Therapeutic Approaches Targeting the Renin-Angiotensin System and Associated Peptides in Hypertension and Heart Failure. Pharmacol Rev. 2019 Oct;71(4):539-570. doi: 10.1124/pr.118.017129. PUBMED ID: 31537750 

Kovarik et al. Intrarenal Renin-Angiotensin-System Dysregulation after Kidney Transplantation. Sci Rep. 2019 Jul 5;9(1):9762. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-46114-x. PUBMED ID: 31278281

Binder et al. Angs (Angiotensins) of the Alternative Renin-Angiotensin System Predict Outcome in Patients With Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction. Hypertension. 2019 Jun 24:HYPERTENSIONAHA11912786. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.12786. PUBMED ID: 31230551

Larouche-Lebel et al. Plasma and tissue angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 activity and plasma equilibrium concentrations of angiotensin peptides in dogs with heart disease. J Vet Intern Med. 2019 Jun 28. doi: 10.1111/jvim.15548. PUBMED ID: 31254308

Wang et al. Apelin protects against abdominal aortic aneurysm and the therapeutic role of neutral endopeptidase resistant apelin analogs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019 Jun 25;116(26):13006-13015. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1900152116. Epub 2019 Jun 12. PUBMED ID: 31189595 

Caroccia et al. Aldosterone Stimulates Its Biosynthesis Via A Novel GPER Mediated Mechanism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019 May 24. pii: jc.2019-00043. doi: 10.1210/jc.2019-00043. PUBMED ID: 31125081

Wolf et al. Identifying a disease specific renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system fingerprint in patients with primary adrenal insufficiency. Eur J Endocrinol. 2019 May 1. pii: EJE-19-0086.R1. doi: 10.1530/EJE-19-0086. PUBMED ID: 31075757

Uijl et al. Strong and Sustained Antihypertensive Effect of Small Interfering RNA Targeting Liver Angiotensinogen. Hypertension. 2019 Jun;73(6):1249-1257. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.12703. PUBMED ID: 31030610

Kopecky et al. Molecular regulation of the renin-angiotensin system by sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 2019 Apr 11. doi: 10.1007/s00125-019-4871-8. PUBMED ID: 30976852

Ames et al. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and its suppression. J Vet Intern Med. 2019 Mar;33(2):363-382. doi: 10.1111/jvim.15454. Epub 2019 Feb 26. PUBMED ID: 30806496

Ilatovskaya et al. Salt-deficient diet exacerbates cystogenesis in ARPKD via epithelial sodium channel (ENaC). EBioMedicine. 2019 Feb;40:663-674. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.01.006. Epub 2019 Feb 8. PUBMED ID: 30745171

Gatineau et al. Losartan prevents the elevation of blood pressure in adipose-PRR deficient female mice while elevated circulating sPRR activates the renin-angiotensin system. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2019 Mar 1;316(3):H506-H515. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00473.2018. Epub 2018 Dec 14. PUBMED ID: 30550352 

Blass et al. Postprandial Effects on ENaC-Mediated Sodium Absorption. Sci Rep. 2019 Mar 12;9(1):4296. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-40639-x. PUBMED ID: 30862903

2018

Sharp et al. Renal Denervation Prevents Heart Failure Progression Via Inhibition of the Renin-Angiotensin System. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 Nov 27;72(21):2609-2621. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.08.2186. PUBMED ID: 30466519

Simko et al. Effect of Ivabradine on a Hypertensive Heart and the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in L-NAME-Induced HypertensionInt J Mol Sci. 2018 Oct 3;19(10). pii: E3017. doi: 10.3390/ijms19103017. PUBMED ID:  30282928 

Simko et al. Effect of Melatonin on the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in l-NAME-Induced Hypertension. Molecules. 2018 Jan 29;23(2). pii: E265. doi: 10.3390/molecules23020265. PUBMED ID: 29382124

Guo et al. Aldosterone LC-MS/MS Assay-Specific Threshold Values in Screening and Confirmatory Testing for Primary Aldosteronism.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018 Nov 1;103(11):3965-3973. doi: 10.1210/jc.2018-01041. PUBMED ID: 30137438

Bennion et al. Protective effects of the angiotensin II AT2 receptor agonist compound 21 in ischemic stroke: a nose-to-brain delivery approach. Clin Sci (Lond). 2018 Mar 15;132(5):581-593. doi: 10.1042/CS20180100. Print 2018 Mar 15. PUBMED ID:  29500223

2017

Stowasser et al. Can Screening and Confirmatory Testing in the Management of Patients with Primary Aldosteronism be Improved? Horm Metab Res. 2017 Dec;49(12):915-921. doi: 10.1055/s-0043-121468. Epub 2017 Nov 13. PUBMED ID: 29132172

Pavo et al. Low- and High-renin Heart Failure Phenotypes with Clinical Implications. Clin Chem. 2017 Nov 14. pii: clinchem.2017.278705. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2017.278705. PUBMED ID: 29138270

Xu et al. Clinical Relevance and Role of Neuronal AT1 Receptors in ADAM17-Mediated ACE2 Shedding in Neurogenic Hypertension. Circ Res. 2017 May 16. pii: CIRCRESAHA.116.310509. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.310509. PUBMED ID: 28512108

Carrocia et al. Urotensin II Exerts Pressor Effects By Stimulating Renin And Aldosterone Synthase Gene Expression. Sci Rep. 2017 Oct 24;7(1):13876. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12613-y. PUBMED ID: 29066763

Antlanger et al. Molecular remodeling of the renin-angiotensin system after kidney transplantation. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2017 Apr-Jun;18(2):1470320317705232. doi: 10.1177/1470320317705232. PUBMED ID: 28490223

van Thiel et al. Brain Renin-Angiotensin System: Does It Exist? Hypertension. 2017 Apr 10. pii: HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.08922. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.08922. PUBMED ID: 28396529

Antlanger et al. Effects of Direct Renin Inhibition versus Angiotensin II Receptor Blockade on Angiotensin Profiles in Non-Diabetic Chronic Kidney Disease. Ann Med. 2017 Mar 30:1-24. doi: 10.1080/07853890.2017.1313447. PUBMED ID: 28358246

Reichhart et al. Hypertensive retinopathy in a transgenic angiotensin-based model. Clin Sci (Lond). 2016 Jul 1;130(13):1075-88. doi: 10.1042/CS20160092. PUBMED ID: 27026533

Motta-Santos et al. Effects of ACE2 deficiency on physical performance and physiological adaptations of cardiac and skeletal muscle to exercise. Hypertens Res. 2016 Jul;39(7):506-12. doi: 10.1038/hr.2016.28. PUBMED ID: 27053009

Basu R et al. Roles of Angiotensin Peptides and Recombinant Human ACE2 in Heart Failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Feb 21;69(7):805-819. 
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.11.064. PUBMED ID: 28209222

2016

Pavo N et al. Renin-Angiotensin System Fingerprints of Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016 Dec 27;68(25):2912-2914.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.10.017. PUBMED ID: 28007153

van Rooyen JM et al. Quantification of systemic renin-angiotensin system peptides of hypertensive black and white African men established from the RAS-Fingerprint®. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2016 Oct 12;17(4)
DOI: 10.1177/1470320316669880. PUBMED ID: 27737932

Poglitsch et al. Letter to the editor: Angiotensin quantification by mass spectrometry. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2016 Feb 1;310(3):H452-3. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00933.2015. PUBMED ID: 26830339

Domenig O et al. Neprilysin is a Mediator of Alternative Renin-Angiotensin-System Activation in the Murine and Human Kidney. Sci Rep. 2016 Sep 21;6:33678.
DOI: 10.1038/srep33678. PUBMED ID: 27649628

Kovarik JJ et al. Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy on the regulation of plasma and cardiac tissue renin-angiotensin system in heart transplant patients. J of Heat and Lung Transplantation. Published online 2016 Sep 09.
DOI: j.healun.2016.08.022.

2015

Sabharwal R et al. Angiotensin-dependent autonomic dysregulation precedes dilated cardiomyopathy in a mouse model of muscular dystrophy. Exp Physiol. 2015 Jul 1;100(7):776-95.
DOI: 10.1113/EP085066. PUBMED ID: 25921929

Roksnoer LC et al. Optimum AT1 receptor-neprilysin inhibition has superior cardioprotective effects compared with AT1 receptor blockade alone in hypertensive rats. Kidney Int. 2015 Jul;88(1):109-20.
DOI: 10.1038/ki.2015.107. Epub 2015 Apr 1. PUBMED ID: 25830765

Wysocki J et al. Plasma and Kidney Angiotensin Peptides: Importance of the Aminopeptidase A/Angiotensin III Axis. Am J Hypertens. 2015 Dec; 28(12):1418-26.
DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpv054. Epub 2015 May 11. PUBMED ID: 25968123

Sharp S et al. Pharmacodynamic effects of C-domain-specific ACE inhibitors on the renin-angiotensin system in myocardial infarcted rats. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2015 Mar 9.
pii: 1470320314568438. PUBMED ID: 25757657

Kovarik JJ et al. Molecular regulation of the renin-angiotensin system in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2015 Jan;30(1):115-23.
DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfu265; PUBMED ID: 25107336

Andersen LB et al. Vitamin D depletion aggravates hypertension and target-organ damage. J Am Heart Assoc. 2015 Jan 28;4(2).
DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.114.001417; PUBMED ID: 25630909

2014

Manzel A et al. Angiotensin IV is induced in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis but fails to influence the disease. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2014 Sep;9(4):533-43.
DOI: 10.1007/s11481-014-9548-y; PUBMED ID: 24854706

Burger D et al. Effects of a domain-selective ACE inhibitor in a mouse model of chronic angiotensin II-dependent hypertension. Clin Sci (Lond). 2014 Jul;127(1):57-63.
DOI: 10.1042/CS20130808. PUBMED ID: 24506807

Haber PK et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-independent action of presumed angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 activators: studies in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro. Hypertension. 2014 Apr;63(4):774-82.
DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.02856. Epub 2014 Jan 20. PUBMED ID: 24446061

2013

Haschke M et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of recombinant human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in healthy human subjects. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2013 Sep;52(9):783-92.
DOI: 10.1007/s40262-013-0072-7; PUBMED ID: 23681967

Nikolaou A et al. [3H]IVDE77, a novel radioligand with high affinity and selectivity for the insulin-regulated aminopeptidase. Eur J Pharmacol. 2013 Feb 28;702(1-3):93-102.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.01.026. Epub 2013 Jan 31. PUBMED ID: 23376157

2012

Poglitsch M et al. Recombinant Expression and Characterization of Human and Murine ACE2: Species-Specific Activation of the Alternative Renin-Angiotensin-System. Int J Hypertens. 2012;2012:428950.
DOI: 10.1155/2012/428950; PUBMED ID: 22518284

Ye M et al. Murine recombinant angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: effect on angiotensin II-dependent hypertension and distinctive angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 inhibitor characteristics on rodent and human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Hypertension. 2012 Sep;60(3):730-40.
DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.198622; PUBMED ID: 22777933